Spatiotemporal Dispersal Study of Mangrove Avicennia marina and Rhizophora apiculata Propagules

The propagule dispersal pattern of the two common mangrove species, Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh. and Rhizophora apiculata Blume at a fringed coast, in southwest tip Penang Island was examined. Propagule study both species were carried out by release recapture method, while early developments observed an on-site tethering system. A. propagules recorded higher rate as compared to R. apiculata. After 60 tidal cycles, almost all had moved away from initial site under influence strong wave current. grow better faster than propagules. However, eventually failed establish due effect well unfavourable soil condition. found adopt different strategies growth. notably adapted thrive coastal environment. In similar open area, current condition are suggested be most critical factors affecting establishment.